Friday, September 21, 2012

KEBAHAGIAAN ORANG FASIK SEMU (Mzm. 37)



PENDAHULUAN
Seorang ibu satu anak pernah berkata kepada saya, “Aneh ya kenapa sih orang yang jahat sepertinya hidupnya lebih senang dari orang baik. Sepertinya kalau mau sukses atau kaya kita memang harus berbuat jahat kali ya.” Kenapa ibu ini bisa ngomong seperti itu? Karena fakta berbicara, orang baik banyak yang hidupnya susah, tetapi kebalikannya, banyak orang yang sudah ketahuan jahat tetapi sepertinya hidupnya kelihatan senang.

Di satu sisi, ada banyak orang yang sudah mengikut Tuhan dengan setia tetapi harus mengalami penderitaan, entah karena penyakit atau pergumulan berat lainnya. Mengikut Yesus malah kena kanker, tetapi orang yang hidupnya bebas seenaknya, mabuk-mabukan, berjudi, suka ngomongin orang, kelakuan hidupnya tidak mencerminkan kebenaran eh hidupnya malah makmur dan sehat-sehat aja. Sepertinya Tuhan tidak memperdulikan dan menghukum mereka. Tetapi apa benar Tuhan membiarkan orang baik menderita dan membebaskan orang yang jahat? Lalu apa yang harus kita lakukan sebagai umat Allah menghadapi situasi ini? Kita akan melihatnya dari Mazmur 37.

PENJELASAN
Kita tidak tahu apa yang secara persis latar belakang dari Mazmur 37 ini, tetapi Daud menulis mazmur ini menjelang akhir hidupnya. Kemungkinan besar dia telah melihat bagaimana keadaan yang berlangsung di masa dia hidup di mana ada banyak orang-orang jahat yang hidupnya tenang seperti terbebas dari hukuman sementara ada begitu banyak orang khususnya rakyat yang mengalami ketidakadilan akibat kejahatan mereka.

Di dalam mazmurnya, pertama-tama ia memberikan satu dorongan bagi mereka yang hidup di tengah-tengah orang yang jahat tetapi hidupnya penuh dengan kemakmuran, yakni dengan perintah jangan gusar. Ya, jangan kita menjadi gusar ketika kita mendapati ada orang yang kelakuannya jahat tetapi hidupnya sejahtera secara fisik. Sepertinya memang keadaan tersebut terkesan tidak adil tetapi Daud berkata, “Jangan marah karena orang yang berbuat jahat, jangan iri hati kepada orang yang berbuat curang.”

Jika kita perhatikan, ada tiga kali peringatan “jangan marah” yang ditulis oleh Daud di mazmur ini (1, 7, 8). Mengapa tiga kali? Menunjukkan betapa pentingnya perintah “jangan marah” tersebut bagi kita. Mengapa perintah “jangan marah” menjadi sangat penting? Bukankah sudah sewajarnya kita bersikap gusar/marah terhadap orang-orang berlaku tidak benar atau berlaku jahat? Apa yang mereka lakukan menyengsarakan orang banyak.

Sebenarnya kata “jangan marah” dari bahasa aslinya secara literal memiliki arti “jangan menjadi panas.” Sebuah keadaan yang berpotensi akan membuat kita akhirnya melampiaskan amarah kita secara nyata di hadapan publik. Akhirnya kita terpancing untuk melakukan dosa. Lho kenapa jadi berdosa? Perhatikan ayat 8 akhir, “Berhentilah marah dan tinggalkanlah panas hati itu, jangan marah, itu hanya membawa kepada kejahatan (BIS: celaka).” Efesus 4:26-27 berkata: “Apabila kamu menjadi marah, janganlah kamu berbuat dosa: janganlah matahari terbenam, sebelum padam amarahmu dan janganlah beri kesempatan kepada Iblis (BIS: Kalau kalian marah, janganlah membiarkan kemarahan itu menyebabkan kalian berdosa. Janganlah marah sepanjang hari, supaya Iblis tidak mendapat kesempatan). Dengan kata lain jangan sampai rasa panas kita, keresahan kita ditunggangi Iblis dan kita terprovokasi untuk melakukan tindakan berdosa.

Jika kita membiarkan rasa amarah dalam diri kita terus bertumbuh maka itu akan menjadi kebencian, keinginan untuk membalas dan menghakimi. Dan harus kita ketahui bersama bahwa hal-hal tersebut tidak berkenan kepada Allah. Maka firman Tuhan dengan tegas dan berulang berkata “jangan panas, jangan terpancing” kalau ada orang yang berbuat jahat tapi masih bisa hidup enak. Bolehlah kesal atau marah sesekali tetapi jangan sampai kekesalan/kemarahan itu menguasai kita sehingga kita melakukan dosa.

Oke, kita sudah tahu bahwa kita tidak boleh panas, tidak boleh menyimpan amarah terus menerus terhadap kelakuan orang jahat yang berkeliaran dan hidup enak itu, lalu bagaimana seharusnya kita bersikap? Sedikitnya ada empat hal yang dikatakan oleh Daud sang pemazmur:

1) “Percayalah kepada TUHAN dan lalukanlah yang baik” [3a]: adalah sebuah godaan bagi kita orang percaya melihat orang jahat kok hidupnya kaya yang bahagia, kita bisa terpancing dan bahkan bisa ikut-ikutan berbuat jahat Maka daripada kita dipusingkan dan jadi kecewa oleh perbuatan dan tingkah laku mereka, kita bersandar, menyerahkan yang terjadi yang di luar kemampuan kita kepada DIA; Ingat bahwa Ia adalah TUHAN, Hakim Yang Agung, satu-satunya yang berhak untuk menghakimi umat-Nya, bukan kita. Lalu lakukanlah perbuatan yang baik: dalam arti kata orang yang tidak baik/jahat itu memang ada di sekitar kita, nggak bisa nggak, dunia yang jatuh ke dalam dosa memang dipenuhi oleh orang yang berdosa. Dengan adanya kejahatan maka sudah sepatutnya kita yang sudah dimenangkan melakukan hal yang baik. Jika mereka berbuat jahat, kita harus berbuat yang baik, jangan ikut-ikutan. Rasul Paulus berkata: “Janganlah kamu kalah terhadap kejahatan, tetapi kalahkanlah kejahatan dengan kebaikan!” (Rom. 12:21). Kunci agar kita tidak terprovokasi, terpancing oleh godaan lingkungan yang jahat adalah dengan berpikir yang seperti rasul Paulus katakan di Filipi 4:8, “Jadi akhirnya, saudara-saudara, semua yang benar, semua yang mulia, semua yang adil, semua yang suci, semua yang manis, semua yang sedap didengar, semua yang disebut kebajikan dan patut dipuji, pikirkanlah semuanya itu.”

2) “Bergembiralah karena TUHAN” [4a]: arti yang sesungguhnya di sini adalah kita harus mencari kebahagiaan di dalam Tuhan – Ia akan memberikan apa yang diinginkan hatimu (4b; bdk. Mat 6:32-33). Jangan kepancing untuk hidup makmur dengan menghalalkan segala cara, termasuk melakukan hal jahat. Tetapi lakukalah semua di dalam Tuhan, Tuhan akan mencurahkan berkat pemeliharaan bagi uamt-Nya.

3) “Serahkanlah hidupmu kepada TUHAN dan percayalah kepada-Nya” [5a]: sebagai manusia yang lemah dan terbatas kita tidak akan pernah mampu menjalani kehidupan yang keras dan jahat ini seorang diri saja. Beban yang kita pikul terlalu berat jika kita harus menanggungnya seorang diri. Untuk itu kita harus menyerahkan hidup kita di bawah perlindungan Tuhan, dan artinya jangan pernah kita mengambil keputusan hidup kita tanpa memohon perkenanan-Nya. Sebaliknya kita harus membiarkan Dia yang memimpin hidup kita. Jika kita dizalimi oleh orang-orang yang bermaksud tidak baik kepada kita dan hidupnya secara fisik terlihat lebih baik dari kita, kita serahkan saja kepada Tuhan dan percaya bahwa Tuhan akan bertindak. Dia tidak akan membiarkan kita menderita, Ia mendengar teriakan minta tolong yang diserukan oleh anak-anak-Nya.

4) “Berdiam dirilah di hadapan TUHAN dan nantikanlah DIA” [7a]: “be silent to the Lord.” Artinya, jika kelakuan orang jahat semakin keterlaluanpun kita harus belajar untuk tidak berinisiatif menghakimi mereka, sebab satu saat nanti Tuhan yang akan bertindak. Tuhan Yesus berkata: “Tetapi Aku berkata kepadamu: Kasihilah musuhmu dan berdoalah bagi mereka yang menganiaya kamu. Karena dengan demikianlah kamu menjadi anak-anak Bapamu yang di sorga, yang menerbitkan matahari bagi orang yang jahat dan orang yang baik dan menurunkan hujan bagi orang yang benar dan orang yang tidak benar” (Mat. 5:44-45). Karena anugerah-Nya Tuhan menekan dosa dan menahan penghukuman-Nya. Penghakiman dan penghukuman Tuhan nyata pada akhirnya, hanya masalah waktunya saja.

Nah, itulah yang harus kita lakukan sebagai orang yang sudah dibenarkan. Lalu, alasan utama kita tidak perlu resah karena kehidupan orang jahat yang kelihatannya makmur hidupnya, yang sepertinya hidupnya nggak ada masalah adalah karena kebahagian mereka adalah kebahagian yang semu, tidak kekal, terbatas. Berulang kali Daud berkata “jangan marah” kepada umat Allah terhadap kebahagian orang fasik karena mereka satu saat ini akan mati dan dihakimi oleh Allah. Ia membahasakan kejatuhan mereka dengan berkata:
  • mereka segera lisut seperti rumput dan layu seperti tumbuh-tumbuhan hijau (2); 
  • orang-orang yang berbuat jahat akan dilenyapkan (9, 22, 28, 43, 38);
  • ia sudah tidak akan ada lagi (10); 
  • Tuhan menertawakan orang fasik itu, sebab Ia melihat bahwa harinya sudah dekat (13); 
  • pedang mereka akan menikam dada mereka sendiri, busur mereka akan dipatahkan (15); 
  • lengan orang-orang fasik dipatahkan (17); 
  • orang-orang fasik akan binasa (20); 
  • pendurhaka-pendurhaka akan dibinasakan bersama-sama, dan masa depan orang-orang fasik akan  dilenyapkan (38)
Panggilan kita sebagai anak-anak Tuhan adalah: Jauhilah yang jahat dan lakukanlah yang baik, maka engkau akan tetap tinggal untuk selama-lamanya; sebab TUHAN mencintai hukum, dan Ia tidak meninggalkan orang-orang yang dikasihi-Nya. Sampai selama-lamanya mereka akan terpelihara, tetapi anak cucu orang-orang fasik akan dilenyapkan. Orang-orang benar akan mewarisi negeri dan tinggal di sana senantiasa. (27-29). Amin.

Reflection on Preaching

Was God the subject of this sermon? Was God in Jesus Christ, through the power of the Spirit, preached as the reality, the chief instigator of the text's narrative? Is Jesus Christ present in the sermons we preach and hear or is he tragically in absentia?

Seven Marks of Good Preaching

Everyone wants to hear—and some preach!—a good sermon. But what exactly is a good sermon?
Certainly you know one when you hear one, but pinning down the details can be difficult: preaching is an interesting mixture of theology (what we're saying) and rhetoric (how we say it). Yet when a sermon includes the following seven central elements, and when the Holy Spirit is present, something happens—the word comes alive and people come to faith.

In brief, a good sermon engages the biblical text, proclaims the gospel, connects God's word to the lives of God's people, is well organized and easy to understand, captures the imagination of the hearers, is delivered well, and orients people toward life in God's world.

1. A good sermon engages the biblical text
Historically, the Christian sermon has always followed the reading of Scripture. In a very real way, the sermon is a response to the Scriptures read. In the Scriptures the preacher has heard God speak in such a way that she must say something back, first as she works on her sermon and then to her congregation that Sunday. To think of the sermon as response takes seriously the nature of the Bible as God's word, a living witness that still provokes a response from those who hear it. Therefore, good preachers strive to engage the biblical passages seriously, in a manner that is interesting, inspiring and relevant.

2. A good sermon proclaims the gospel
Wait a second. Isn't preaching the Bible the same as preaching the gospel?

Yes and no. Certainly our sense of the gospel (in brief, what God has done through Jesus Christ for us and all the world) emerges from the biblical witness. At the same time, though, there is some value in realizing that we cannot simply equate the two. Luther had a nice way of putting this. The Bible, Luther said, is like the manger in which the Christ child rests. So while we should flee to the Bible to find Christ, Luther counseled, we should avoid falling on our knees to worship wood and straw. To put it another way, we value the Bible so highly precisely and primarily because it contains the gospel.

The preacher's primary task in dealing with any biblical passage, therefore, is to say a word about what God has done and is still doing through Jesus Christ for us and for all the world. Our task as biblical preachers is to approach passages of Scripture (be they parables, wisdom sayings, passages from Old or New Testament) with two tasks in mind:


  • to hear the particular confession of faith being made in the passage and
  • to relate it to our overall sense of what God is up to in our lives and the world through Jesus.
That is, whatever you're preaching on, somehow it relates to the ongoing work of the God we have come to know most fully through Jesus Christ.

3. A good sermon connects God's Word to the lives of God's people
Part of the significance of the Christian doctrine of the Incarnation is God's commitment to be accessible, to speak a divine word in human form, to take on our lot and our life. Preaching is an incarnational word, one that reaffirms God's commitment to meet us where we are.

To put it another way, we might go so far as to say that there is no universal gospel apart from the way it manifests itself in the particular and concrete aspects of our actual lives. To talk about "God's love" or "forgiveness" or "grace" in general makes very little sense without pointing to specific examples and instances of love, forgiveness and grace in our lives and the world around us.

Preaching that is generic or universal in character and does not struggle to relate God's word to our actual lives is boring, irrelevant, and gives the impression that God does not really care about what's going on in our lives and world. On the other hand, preaching that is only "relevant"—focusing on the latest perceived need, trend or tragedy in the community without viewing these issues from the perspective of the gospel—is at best therapy and at worst mere pandering.

4. A good sermon is well organized and easy to understand
As we all know, if the message isn't clearly thought out and presented, it just doesn't matter much what's being said. If I can't follow it, then I can't appreciate it and certainly can't be moved to faith by it. Likewise, preaching that is unclear, poorly organized or difficult to understand is ineffectual.

5. A good sermon engages the imaginations of the hearers
One of the most significant insights of mainline preachers over the last two generations has been that the gospel is more than a head-trip. That is, the gospel is more than thinking a certain way. It is not just cognitive, but experiential, deals not only with our rational side but with our whole selves—feelings, desires, needs, heart, soul and so forth. Preaching, we have come to realize, speaks to the whole person, and to do that we need to engage the imaginations of our hearers.

6. A good sermon is delivered well
To preach is to communicate. Therefore, it must be delivered effectively so that we may hear the message. In order for that to occur, two things need to take place:


  • The preacher must deliver the sermon with the appropriate affect. If you're excited, bursting with good news, and think what you have to say really is good news, then your facial expression, body gestures, and voice should express those emotions.
  • The preacher must deliver the sermon with passion and integrity. People should know that you believe what you say, that you have something at stake in this message, that it is true for you, and that it matters. Insincerity is easily detected by most listeners and greatly undermines preaching.

    7. A good sermon orients hearers to life in God's world
    Christian worship is the gathering of the faithful so that they may be renewed in faith and sent once more into the world as the people of God. Preaching, as a central part of that worship, has the responsibility not only to proclaim the gospel so that hearers may come once again to faith, but also re-direct those same people to the world as the arena in which they live out their Christian callings to be God's people, and even God's partners, in the world. God has chosen to use human means—the abilities and opportunities of our people in the various roles and dimensions of their everyday lives—to help sustain the world God loves so much.

    For this reason, preaching that does not seek to orient hearers to their active lives as God's people sent to care for God's world risks engendering an inwardly focused, even self-centered version of Christianity that betrays God's love for and commitment to God's world.

    The next time you are listening to or preaching a sermon, look for these seven marks. This outline of the seven marks of a sermon may give preachers and their hearers some guidelines to talk about what makes good preaching.
David Lose
Marbury E. Anderson Biblical Preaching Chair
Luther Seminary
St. Paul, MN

James 1:17-27


Commentary on Second Reading by Sandra Hack Polaski

The book of James is something of an enigma in NT literature.
Is it from the very earliest stratum of the church -- the Jewish Christians who looked to Jesus' brother James as their leader, even before the Gentile mission -- or a later, second- or third-generation group who struggled to keep the faith amid stress and persecution? Why does this material bear so many similarities to the teaching of Jesus, yet mention him by name only twice (1:1, 2:1)? Is it written in opposition to Paul's teaching on faith, or does this author simply understand "faith" differently? Is the text a series of loosely connected teachings strung together, or is there an underlying structure? The preacher of James probably will not need to raise and answer all of these questions in the sermon, but will need to consider them as she or he decides how to interpret the text.

The first chapter of James, in particular, seems to move from topic to topic with little overarching structure. Yet commentators have noted that the major themes of the following chapters of James all appear in chapter one. In a sense, then, this chapter is the overture to James's opera, the place where ideas are introduced that will be more fully developed only later.

James begins with a greeting to "the twelve tribes in the Dispersion," then promptly proceeds to establish that members of the readership are undergoing persecution, apparently difficult and prolonged, which they are encouraged to endure for the sake of the reward that awaits them. Neither should they think that God is behind their sufferings, for God gives only good gifts.

This theme -- God's goodness and perfection, and therefore the goodness and perfection of what God gives -- is the starting place for the present passage (verse 17). (The phrase "shadow of turning," familiar to many from the hymn "Great Is Thy Faithfulness," comes from the end of verse 17, although most modern translations use "shifting shadow" or "shadow due to change.") Human beings, brought forth by this good God by means of a word of truth, are to reflect divine goodness and perfection in the world.

Then the author urges his readers to "Know this!", and we anticipate a major point, perhaps the purpose for which God has made us "first fruits." What follows, then, may surprise us: we are to "be quick to listen, slow to speak, slow to anger" (19). Is this our purpose as Christians? Not going into the world and preaching the gospel? Not teaching and baptizing? We are far more accustomed to hearing that our task as Christians is to speak than that it is to listen. So this command is unexpected, and we need to pay close attention.

From this unexpected starting place James develops an argument that may make us uncomfortable. He creates a set of connections and oppositions that links "mere" hearing to quick, angry, and unprofitable speech, and ultimately to self-deception. On the other side are "doing" and meekness (and no mention of speech at all!), which lead to blessedness. Those of us whose work for God consists largely in crafting theological language and speaking it are beginning to squirm.

One of the notable features of James is the author's use of vivid, concrete images that, parable-like, both illustrate the author's points and leave enough ambiguity to tease our minds into active thought (recalling C.H. Dodd's famous definition of the parable). Presumably the point of looking into a mirror (verses 23-24) is to tell us something about ourselves -- our hair needs combing, our lipstick is on crooked -- that we remember at least long enough to address the issue. Who checks her hair in a mirror and then forgets to comb it? (Granted, we may suspect this of our teenagers.) But the one who hears without doing, James implies, has what one of my students called "moral Alzheimer's," a kind of deep forgetfulness that leaves the religious self unable to function fully.

So this is what James tells us: that we are to be quick to "hear," because not hearing enough leads us, apparently inevitably, to speech that is angry and unproductive. But hearing alone is not sufficient. We must also "do," because failing to act is evidence of a fundamental failure to function as God's first fruits in the world.

In what, then, does our religion consist? Perhaps the second startling turn in this passage is not so unexpected, after all, to those who have followed the argument leading up to it. Pure and undefiled religion, according to James, is this:
  • caring for orphans and widows in their distress
  • keeping oneself unstained from the world

That's it. The care of "orphans and widows" is a synecdoche for actions taken on behalf of the less fortunate, since in the ancient world widows and orphans were the most vulnerable members of society, singled out for special consideration also in biblical law and prophetic pronouncements. And since such work would necessarily bring one into contact with unbelievers and with the seamier side of human existence, believers are supposed to be careful to avoid participation in practices contrary to their Christian ethic.

Certainly these are important facets of most Christians' understanding of their religion. They would likely make many Christians' "top ten." But James challenges us to imagine a Christianity in which these are vital. What would such a faith and practice look like?

Perhaps, if we as Christians were to follow James's precepts, we would do a lot less talking and a lot more listening. We would forswear anger and self-deception. We would measure our faith by our personal relationships, both in our habits of speech and our relationships with others in the community. Our primary expression of our religion would be in outreach to the poor and neglected. By such attitudes and actions, James tells us, we fulfill the divine purpose and become first fruits of all God's creatures.

James 1:17-27


Commentary on Second Reading by Craig R. Koester

This Sunday is the beginning of a series of readings from the book of James.
Although Martin Luther made critical remarks about this book, calling it an "epistle of straw" in his preface to James, the book retains a significant place in the canon of Scripture. The author is traditionally identified as James, the brother of the Lord (James 1:1; cf. Galatians 1:19), though this is disputed. More important is the basic perspective the author brings to Christian proclamation. The driving questions concern the shape of Christian life.

The author is aware that people sometimes confine their understanding of faith to a simple series of truth claims—something limited to their heads or their words. For James, this is inadequate. Throughout this letter, the faith that counts is the faith that is actually operative in a person's life. People might say they believe one thing and yet do something completely different. Therefore, James will insist that true faith is whatever is actually operative in your life. Faith that is not active is not faith at all. And in this, James agrees with both Paul (Galatians 5:6) and Luther.

The passage for this week explores at least two questions. The first is, "Who is God?" The response that James presents is pure gospel. God is identified by what he gives. Every perfect gift comes from above, the gifts come down from the Father of lights (James 1:17a). The author will later turn to questions about human giving, but will not do so without speaking first about God's giving. The people to whom James writes are those who have received life from God. Without this, there would be nothing further to say, since people have something to give precisely because they have received from God.

God is called the Father of lights, with whom there is no shadow or variation due to change (1:17b). This recalls that God is the Giver because God is the Creator. In the beginning he brought light into being and put all the particular lights in the heaven (Genesis 1:3, 14-17). What is more, this Creator or Father of lights has no "shadow side." For American audiences, this distinguishes God from the Force depicted in Star Wars. You may recall that the Force is said to be an energy field comprised of all living things; and the Force has a dark side. The lives of major characters in Star Wars are shaped by whether they draw on the bright side or the dark side of the Force. In James, however, God does not have this kind of dark side. And God is not simply an energy field that people tap into at their will; God is the Giver who conveys life to them by his will.

God does this by his word of truth, which in this context is the gospel. The word of truth is God's creative agent. It gives birth to new life in a person (James 1:18a). Birth language is life language. It points to a life that has a bodily dimension, yet this new life is not limited to the beating of the heart or breathing of the lungs. It means new life in relationship with God. James says that those who are given new birth become a "first fruits" (1:18b). In biblical tradition, the first fruits are the first ripe sheaves of grain or the first fruits that appear and ripen on a tree. They are signs of a greater harvest yet to come. And the first fruits were regularly offered to God as a sign that the entire harvest belonged to God. To be a first fruit is to belong to God, to be claimed by God, to be wanted by God.

The second question James considers is, "Who are you?" It would seem as if the question was answered by what has already been said, yet James recognizes that people do not necessarily live as the people they are in God. In 1:22-24, he speaks about a lack of correspondence between hearing and doing, between who one is and what one does.

He asks us to picture ourselves standing in front of a mirror. We are to pause there as James asks, "Do you see who you are?" Ordinarily, standing in front of a mirror might mean that we see ourselves as thin or overweight, blemished, disheveled, wrinkled, or scarred. But that is not what James is getting at. Instead, we are to think about ourselves in light of what has just been said. Do you see you who are? You are someone who has been blessed by God's gifts, someone who has been brought to new life through God's word—a person who is a first fruit, set aside as someone who belongs to God.

What happens when you forget who you are? Life typically takes another course. If you forget how much you have been given, why would you give anything to others? If you forget how much you have received, then life is reduced to a quest to get what you can while you can. You may find the situation of the orphan and the widow to be regrettable (1:27), but conclude that this is the way the world is, and you need to get what you can while you can. Or what if you forget that God's word has given you new life, bringing you into renewed relationship with the God who made you and wants you as his own? If you forget what God's word gives you, then what you do with your words seems to matter little (1:26).

So James says, "Look at yourself again, in the perfect law of liberty," and tell me what you see (1:25). The law of liberty is the law of love that is mentioned in 2:8. And the law of love brings liberty—it is freeing—because love both frees us and constrains us. To know that one is loved is the most freeing thing imaginable, even as this same love holds us in a relationship of love. This is where we see ourselves, James says. Look into the law of love. This is who God creates you to be. Is there some reason you don't want people to know who you are?